Silver Jubilee - On the piles of Silverwares!!

An achievement is not an easy package, it is not a pick and walk away objects. To achieve a goal one should enjoys certain qualities. All needed are hard working, dedication, passion, loads patients and bit of luck. Of course, a certain quotients of supports also require from the people around you, without it often all the efforts could ends up in a failure. 

Today I am writing about a man who is sitting on the pile of achievement and he is doing it for last twenty-five years. His job is tougher as he is competing at the highest level. Managing a world famous football club and at the same time he have to manage a bunch of worlds richest, famous and head strong footballer. This page is my tribute to the Sir Alex Ferguson, man who is having all qualities that a man need to achieves the goal, my god I am talking about goals yes scoring goals his first priority and he is having thousands in his kitty.

Sir Alexander Ferguson was born in Glasgow, Scotland. He was a Scottish association football manager and former player too. In 1969, after twenty-four extra-ordinary years when Sir Mat Busby retired, Manchester United struggled to find a proper manager and worst result was that the relegated in 1974 but promoted back within a year. Ron Atkinson was then given the job and after a brief success, he failed to achieve what needed from him. Finally 1986, 6th November Alex Ferguson appointed as Manager of the club.  His tenure has seen the club go through an era of success and dominance both in England and in Europe, giving Ferguson a reputation as one of the most admired and respected managers in the history of the game. Under him, Manchester United's 1998–99 season was the most successful in English club football history as they became the first team to win the Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League – "The Treble" – in the same season.

Stats

                                                                                               

Team	From	To	Record
			G	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	Win %
East Stirlingshire	J1974	1974	17	9	2	6	36	28	+8	52.94
St. Mirren	1974	1978	169	74	41	54	292	222	+70	43.79
Aberdeen	1978	1986	459	272	105	82	914	374	+540	59.26
Scotland	1985	1986	10	3	4	3	8	5	+3	30.00
Manchester United	1986	Present	1,409	836	326	247	2,579	1,262	+1317	59.33
Total			2,064	1,194	478	392	3,829	1,891	+1938	57.85

On 11 October 1999, a special testimonial match was played in honour of Ferguson's contribution to the team. Manchester United played against a team dubbed "Rest of the World XI", managed by Ottmar Hitzfeld, with his team consisting of names such as Henrik Larsson, Gianluca Vialli, Cafu, Paul Gascoigne, George Weah, Peter Schmeichel and Eric Cantona, but with 20 minutes to go there was a mass substitution of their players, who were replaced by a former Manchester United XI; Peter Schmeichel, Paul Parker, Clayton Blackmore, Steve Bruce, Gary Pallister, Darren Ferguson, Mark Hughes, Lee Sharpe, and three number sevens: Bryan Robson, David Beckham and Eric Cantona. The World XI won the game 4–2. On 6^th November 2011, when he completed twenty-five years in Old Trafford, the North stand was named after him.

Ferguson lives in Wilmslow, Cheshire, with his wife, Cathy Ferguson, Lady Ferguson. They married in 1966 and have three sons.

Sir Alex also having a fair share of controversies throughout his life but every successful man had a few or more. So, leave that few we awed by the man and his awesome achievements.

!!!Being a diehard MANUTD fan, looking forward to Sir Alex and many more silverwares!!!

Nakoshis – The Unwanted!

Apart from those are living in so-called high society, we Indian still love everything in a traditional way.  We are also vary proud about the rich tradition that we have but there are some shocking one too. One of such is discrimination towards girl child. It is an age old practice in India where people pray to the various Goddess but while going family way every one want a boy.  

Owing to a “tradition” that reflects gender bias, several parents in Satara (Maharashtra) have named their third or fourth daughter Nakoshi, in the hope that the next child will be a boy. They all got rid of the name ‘Nakoshi', which means unwanted in Marathi. However, in a region where gender bias only starts with the name, and the parents think of daughters as a burden, there is a possibility that the change will only be restricted to the renaming ritual, and not reflect in the actual change in mindset. In a bid to undo the damage, and spread awareness about protecting the girl child, the district administration organised a public event to rename and honour the girls. 

The process to identify “Nakoshis” in the State was initiated by Ahmednagar-based activist Sudha Kankria who first noticed the trend in 2007.  In a recent ceremony all girls from Satara got rid of the name “Nakoshi” meaning unwanted in Marathi, and hopefully, the humiliation that came with it. 

Nakoshi Kirdat has a similar story to tell. She had her name changed to Neeta when she got married at 18. However, she remained “Nakoshi” on paper. “I was sent to school only till tenth class, as my parents didn't have money to educate me. But I always wanted to do something important, and gain respect. I have accepted the fact that my parents didn't want me when I was born, but I didn't want to give up on myself,” she states, with the faith that the new name will also give her a new identity. 

Discrimanation against girl child and women

About 500000 foetuses aborted every year only because they are female. Preference for the son in India is a well-documented phenomenon. Bias society neglect the girls and women resulting in their early death, female infanticide, and female foeticide.

Most Indian still maintain the ridiculous theory - “Raising a girl is like watering the neighbour’s garden” generally sums up the way girls in India are seen - as an economic burden on their parents.

The tragic tell of a mother shows how everyday scores of girls child killed andd al are of the records - "I lay on my bed weak after childbirth. My mother-in-law picked up the baby and started feeding her milk. I knew what she was doing. I cried and tried to stop her. But she had already given her milk laced with poisonous juice of the oleander plant. Within minutes, the baby turned blue and died".

Due to technological progress, techniques for preconceptual and prenatal sex determination become cheaper and more accurate; at the same time, the general income level rises. Thus, these methods become more and more affordable for the middle and lower class, providing people the opportunity to act according to their reproductive preferences.

The child sex ratio will gradually increase over the next decades; however, irreparable damage has already been done, not only to the countless girls who were deprived of their natural right of life, but also to society as a whole.

In 1992 Amartya Sen calculated that 37 million women were ‘missing’ in India . The UN in 2001 estimated that there were 44 million missing women in India.

!!!Don’t you relise that you are here because your mother was a woman?!!!

A Few Good Fella - Dennis Ritchie!

It is difficult to think a day when I am not using a computer and specially not writing a source code. When writing any program it is a challenge to do it totally different, with a simple logic and shorter than others code. I am doing it last twenty-six years. Some software that I was using then are lost its way like COBOL, PASCAL, FORTRAN but there is one still surviving, going stronger by days and used all over the world. I am talking about 'C'.

After Steve Jobs, Computer world lost Dennis Ritchie the father of 'C' on 12 October. My page is dedicated to the genius who lived and died quietly but his legacy will go on.

Dennis Ritchie

Ritchie was born in Bronxville, New York. His father was Alistair E. Ritchie, a longtime Bell Labs scientist and co-author of The Design of Switching Circuits on switching circuit theory. Ritchie graduated from Harvard University with degrees in physics and applied mathematics. In 1967, he began working at the Bell Labs Computing Sciences Research Center, and in 1968, he received a PhD from Harvard under the supervision of Patrick C. Fischer. Ritchie was best known as the creator of the C programming language, a key developer of the UNIX operating system, and co-author of The C Programming Language, commonly referred  to as K&R (in reference to the authors Kernighan and Ritchie). Ritchie worked together with  Ken Thompson, the scientist credited with writing the original Unix; one of Ritchie's most  important contributions to Unix was its porting to different machines and platforms.

The C language is widely used today in application, operating system, and embedded system development, and its influence is seen in most modern programming languages. UNIX has also been influential, establishing concepts and principles that are now precepts of  computing.  Ritchie was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1988 for "development of the "C" programming language and for co-development of the UNIX operating system."

C & UNIX

To help make UNIX portable, Ritchie created a new programming language, called C, in 1972. C used features of low-level languages or machine languages and features of high-level languages. However, because C combined functions of both high- and low-level languages and was very flexible, it was not for beginners. C was very portable because, while it used a relatively small syntax and instruction set, it was also highly structured and modular. Therefore, it was easy to adapt it to different computers, and programmers could copy preexisting blocks of C functions into their programs. These blocks, which were stored on disks in various libraries and could be accessed by using C programs, allowed programmers to create their own programs without having to reinvent the wheel. Because C had features of low-level programming languages, it ran very quickly and efficiently compared to other high-level languages, and it took up relatively little computer time. C was also popular because it was written for UNIX, which, by the early 1990s, was shipped out on over $20 billion of new computer systems a year, making it one of the most commonly used operating systems in the world. Apart from C and  UNIX he also worked on  ALTRAN, B, BCPL, Multics

Dennis Ritchie was found dead on October 12, 2011 at the age of 70 at his home in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey where he lived alone. First news of his death came from his former colleague, Rob Pike. The cause and exact time of death have not been disclosed. He had been in frail health for several years following treatment for prostate cancer and heart disease. His death came a week after the death of Steve Jobs; although Ritchie's death did not receive as much media coverage.

Computer historians such as Paul Ceruzzi said his influence was comparable and I agree with him. I cannot think a computer world without 'C' and 'UNIX'. He will live with us in our program and every moment Unix.

Some Quotation :

"UNIX is very simple, it just needs a genius to understand its simplicity."

"C is quirky, flawed, and an enormous success."

!!!    #include <stdio.h>

       #include <conio.h>

           void main()

              {

                  int i;

                  clrscr();

                  for(i=0;i<=infinity;i++)

                      {

                         printf(“\n\nRIP Dennis Ritchie, we will miss you”);

                      }

                  getch();

              }  !!!

Impediments? Break and Make[ Part –II ]

 This the concluding part of my last blog. I mentioned only a few famous people but if we explored in our surrounding you will find many unknown faces who are struggling against all odd and getting the success.

Stephen William Hawking

Stephen Hawking is an English theoretical physicist and cosmologist, whose scientific books and public appearances have made him an academic celebrity. In 2009 was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States. Almost completely paralyzed by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Stephen Hawking is an academic celebrity known for his theories concerning black holes and his best-selling book “A Brief History of Time.” While few people could completely grasp his concepts without an in-depth explanation, his theories have become as well-known as Galileo, Newton and Einstein in the scientific community.

John Forbes Nash

John Nash is an American mathematician and famous for his works in game theory, differential geometry and partial differential equations. His theories are used in market economics, computing, evolutionary biology, artificial intelligence, accounting, politics and military theory. Serving as a Senior Research Mathematician at Princeton University during the latter part of his life, he shared the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with game theorists Reinhard Selten and John Harsanyi. Nash began to show signs of extreme paranoia and He was admitted to the McLean Hospital, April–May 1959, where he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. Hollywood Movie 'A Beautiful Mind' was loosely based on his life.

Claude Monet

Claude Monet was founder of French impressionist painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein-air landscape painting. He eventually went blind due to cataracts. In the last decade of his life despite his failing eyesight, he continued to paint including the famous paintings of water lillies, “Nymphéas.”  Though Monet was not blind during the most productive painting period of his life, his work is still inspirational.

Ray Charles/Stevie Wonder

Both Ray Charles and Stevie Wonder will be known long after their deaths for their lasting impression on Rock ‘N’ Roll, blues and soul music despite both being afflicted by blindness. These Black American men are both Grammy winners and pioneers in the music industry opening doors for artists of color for years after their own time in the spotlight.

Ray Charles Robinson started to lose his sight at the age of five. He went completely blind by the age of seven, apparently due to glaucoma. He is  known by his shortened stage name Ray Charles, was an American musician. He was a pioneer in the genre of soul music during the 1950s by fusing rhythm and blues, gospel, and blues styles into his early recordings with Atlantic Records.  He also helped racially integrate country and pop music during the 1960s with his crossover success on ABC Records, most notably with his Modern Sounds albums.

Though Ray made his mark in the 50s and 60s, Stevie topped the Billboards in the 60s and beyond.  Either way, they were both gifted musicians who could paint beautiful pictures with music.

Stevie Wonder (Stevland Hardaway Morris) is an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, record producer and activist. , Stevie was blind since birth, Wonder signed with Motown Records' Tamla label at the age of eleven, and continues to perform and record for Motown to this day. Among Wonder's best known works are singles such as "Superstition", "Sir Duke", "I Wish" and "I Just Called to Say I Love You".

Marlee Matlin

Marlee Matlin is an American actress. She is the only deaf actress to win the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, which she won for Children of a Lesser God. Her work in film and television has resulted in a Golden Globe award, with two additional nominations, and four Emmy nominations. Deaf since she was 18 months old, she is also a prominent member of the National Association of the Deaf.  Also an Emmy winner, Matlin is a prime example of an artist who has succeeded despite her disability; few other actresses have had as much success even without the disability.

Sudha Chandran

Sudha Chandran was born to family in Chennai, South India. She completed her Masters in Economics from Mumbai. On one of her return trips from Mumbai to Chennai she met with an accident resulting in the amputation of her right leg. She was given an artificial leg and despite this terrible disability, she became one of the most accomplished and acclaimed dancers of the Indian Subcontinent. She has received and still receives invitations to perform all over the world. She has been honored with numerous awards and has performed all over the world. She appears often on Hindi television and in films.

!!!Sky is no limits for those having loads of willingness and courage.!!!

Impediments? Break and Make[ Part –I ]

Last week we lost a great innovator and as well as an inventor, the Apple-man Steve Jobs is no more with us. Last eight years he was suffering from cancer but that not prevented him from his inventions.  Sad that great mind always short lived.

Back home we lost a golden voice, it is Jagjit Singh the famous Gazal singer. I don’t think we ever interested in Gazal before he started singing.

Every one born with certain god gifted qualities but then we all failed to utilize it. Sometime I amazed by the people who made it big by conquering the shortcoming. Today and as well as next week I am going to throw lights on the life of these luminaries.

Helen Keller

Helen Keller, American author having overcome considerable physical handicaps and served as an inspiration for other afflicted people. She was born in Tuscumbia, Alabama. When 19 months old, she was stricken with an acute illness that left her deaf and blind. No method could be found to educate her until the age of seven, when she began her special education in reading and writing with Anne Mansfield Sullivan of the Perkins Institute for the Blind.

In 1890 Keller learned to speak after only one month of study. Ten years later, she was able to enter Radcliffe College, from which she graduated with honors in 1904. Keller then served on the Massachusetts Commission for the Blind. Throughout her life she worked and raised funds for the American Foundation for the Blind, and she traveled and lectured in many countries, including England, France, Italy, Egypt, South Africa, Australia, and Japan. Keller was also a pacifist and was active in socialist causes.

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein did not talk fluently until he was nine and believed to have Asperger’s Syndrome. He failed his college entrance exam and had a difficulties to remember simple things such as his phone number or how to tie his shoes. He also he was also rumored to have been dyslexic as a child. He was having some problems with language. After having early drawbacks the man was possibly the greatest mind to lived the earth.

Ludwig van Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven was born in 17 December 1770. Beethoven was named after his grandfather Lodewijk, who was a musician too. Beethoven started taking his first music lessons from his father Johann van Beethoven. 

At the age of twenty, Ludwig van Beethoven hearing began to deteriorate in the late 1790s, yet he continued to compose, conduct, and perform, even after becoming completely deaf. Beethoven then used special hearing tubes and felt the vibrations of his piano to compose music. One of the most well-known composers in history, his accomplishments are as dazzling and spell-binding when taken into consideration that he was never able to hear his own work.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franklin D. Roosevelt was paralyzed from the waist down by a form of polio. In August 1921, when he contracted what was diagnosed, after an unfortunate delay, as poliomyelitis. In great agony and completely unable to walk the disease that left him bound to a wheelchair. However, backed by the determination of his wife and Louis Howe, Roosevelt decided to return to his work as soon as possible. Roosevelt is known as one of the greatest presidents in American history leading the population through many tumultuous times. The Great Depression and World War II were two of the worst periods in American history known for their volatility and the loss of both human lives and many Americans’ livelihoods. However, Roosevelt was the man for the job leading America through these times with confidence and grace that was not marred by his disability.

Marla Runyan

At the age of nine, Runyan developed Stargardt’s Disease, which is a form of mascular degeneration that left her legally blind. Marla Runyan is a three time national champion in the women’s 5000 meters. She won four gold medals in the 1992 summer Paralympics. In the 1996 Paralympics she won silver in the shot put and gold in the Pentathlon. In 2000 she became the first legally blind Para Olympian to compete in the Olympic games in Sydney, Australia. She holds various American records such as 20,000 Road (2003), All-female Marathon (2002), 500m (2001) , Heptathlon (1996). In 2001, she co-wrote and published her autobiography ‘No Finish Line: My Life As I See It’.

Today I will end with a quotation of Steve Jobs.

!!!Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish.!!!

From Guru’s Doorstep to Down the Wire!!

I was a globe trotter then don’t misjudge me. It was work which took me there, yet. some of my visits were unforgettable. Frankly speaking moving around India gave me more pleasure than somewhere else. The travelogue today I am going to share was one of my best. My destination was north, Kulu-Manali-Simla-Delhi but I decided to drop at Amritsar before going through others.

Specially Amritsar was my idea because traveling through the mountains itself is a tiresome job and Amritsar to Manali was a quite hectic, so my family was against it but finally they gave in to my wish. We decided to stay in Gurdwara, so before traveling I met the people in the local Gurdwara to get an idea. So, we started with Amritsar and the famous Golden Temple.

Amritsar

Amritsar is a city in the northern part of India and is the administrative headquarters of Amritsar district in the state of Punjab, India. Amritsar is situated 217 kilometres northwest of state capital Chandigarh and is 32 kilometres east of Lahore, Pakistan and therefore, very close to India's western border with Pakistan.

Harminder Sahib

The Harmandir Sahib, also referred to as the Golden Temple, Construction of the gurdwara was begun by Guru Ram Das, the fourth Sikh Guru, and completed by his successor, Guru Arjan Dev. In the early nineteenth century, Maharaja Ranjit Singh secured the Punjab region from outside attack and covered the upper floors of the gurdwara with gold, which gives it its distinctive appearance and English name of "Golden Temple".

It was October and it was durga Puja time. We reached Amritsar by a train with same name. We reached Amritsar around eight in the morning and got bus waiting there that belongs to Gurdwara itself. It was a free ride. Once we reached there we got a room too in Guru Arjan Dev Niwas. After the bath first thing we did was visited the Golden Temple. I was amazed by the beauty and surrounding. That afternoon we had food at the Gurdwara itself. Visiting Gurdwaras and having food at langar is not new for me. I had long association with some wonderful Sikh people but the arrangement in this Langar was exceptional. It is opened to all throughout the day and rich and poor eating together. The other things which fascinated me was the discipline in the temple. There were Kar Sevaks, those are serving the temple in every department, cleaning, washing dishes and helping in other area too. Lakhs of peoples visiting every day yet there is not a single untoward incident registered.

The real surprise was stored when we visited Wagah border, I heard about it but never knew that the experience would be the

Wagah Border

Wagah is the only road border crossing between India and Pakistan, and lies on the Grand Trunk Road between the cities of Amritsar, India and Lahore, Pakistan. Wagah itself is a village through which the controversial Radcliffe Line was drawn. The village was divided by independence in 1947. Today, the eastern half of the village remains in the Republic of India while the western half is in Pakistan.

The Wagah border, often called the "Berlin wall of Asia", is a ceremonial border on the India–Pakistan Border where each evening there is a retreat ceremony called 'lowering of the flags', which has been held since 1959. At that time there is an energetic parade by the Border Security Force (B.S.F) of India and the Pakistan Rangers soldiers. It may appear slightly aggressive and even hostile to foreigners but in fact the paraders are imitating the pride and anger of a Cockerel. Troops of each country put on a show in their uniforms with their colorful turbans. Border officials from the two countries sometimes walk over to the offices on the other side for day to day affairs. The happenings at this border post have been a barometer of the India-Pakistan relations over the years.

We traveled there by a car but then have to walk a kilometer. The mood in the crowds were very charged one during 'lowering of the flags' at sunset. In the evening we came to back to Gurdwara but my mood was remain charged with same emotion.

Next day we explored the places near by the Gurdwara and no need to say that includes Jalianwala Bagh and day after that we left Amritsar by car. Those two days was very special one, one for the Golden Temple itself and other one for Wagah Border.

!!!While standing at the border had a unique feeling, I felt like more Indian than before!!!

Power of Knowledge!

There was a time knowledge was limited to print media and reading was the main option. It was books, News Papers and Magazines. I was a member of couple of libraries and frequency of my visits were exceptional. Once I was a avid reader, today I hardly go though any books rather than computers. Apart from books other device which we used to stick to was our good old radio. Every bit of knowledge we acquired that time was with lots of effort. This effort is still working, specially while calculating I hardly use a calculator. There was  some print media available that time but it was out of our reach. We envied the people who was having the series. It was Encyclopedia, specially The one from Britannica.

Once having the volumes of Britannica was a status symbol and I knew many of them those having these series in their bookshelf but never scanned through a single page in their life. The oversized volume, printed by Koberger shortly after Columbus discovered America, was a history, atlas and almanac with biographies and news items - an encyclopedia

What is Encyclopedia

An encyclopedia is a book or series of books that contain general information about many topics or areas. The world encyclopedia comes from the Greek enkyklia paideia, which means "a general knowledge." The word has been in use for at least 500 years, and used in print for the first time in Encyclopedia, or Knowledge of the World of Disciplines, which was published in 1559.

The first encyclopedia was written in the first century BC by Pliny the Elder with the help of his nephew. The work consisted of 37 volumes and covered everything from anthropology and human physiology to agriculture, painting, and pharmacology. An encyclopedia is often confused with a dictionary, although they are inherently different.

In the 20th century, the Encyclopedia Britannica has become the standard for encyclopedia works. Topical encyclopedias have also become more popular, and cover topics as varied as economics, bioethics. Many encyclopedias are now being published in CD-ROM form, with the most notable example being Microsoft's Encarta other encyclopedias are now entirely available online, with no print version, like Wikipedia.

Some of old and popular Encyclopedia

Pliny the Elder

One of the earliest encyclopedic works to have survived to modern times is the Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder, a Roman statesman living in the 1st century AD. He compiled a work of 37 chapters covering natural history, art and architecture, medicine, geography, geology and all aspects of the world around him. He stated in the preface that he had compiled 20,000 facts from 2000 different works by 200 authors, and added many others from his own experience. The work was published circa AD 77-79, although he probably never finished proofing the work before his death in the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD.

The Britannica

The Britannica  is the oldest English-language encyclopedia still in print. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in Edinburgh, Scotland as three volumes. The encyclopedia grew in size, and by its fourth edition (1801-1809) it had expanded to a well known 20-volume set. Its rising stature helped recruit eminent contributors, and the 9th edition (1875–1889) and the 11th edition (1911) are landmark encyclopedias for scholarship and literary style. Beginning with the 11th edition, the Britannica shortened and simplified articles to broaden its North American market. In 1933, the Britannica became the first encyclopedia to adopt "continuous revision", in which the encyclopedia is continually reprinted and every article updated on a schedule.

The Encyclopædia Britannica, published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., is a general knowledge English-language encyclopedia that is available in print, as a DVD, and on the Internet. It is written and continuously updated by about 100 full-time editors and more than 4,000 expert contributors. It is regarded as one of the most scholarly of encyclopedias.

The size of the Britannica has remained roughly constant over 70 years, with about 40 million words on half a million topics. Although publication has been based in the United States since 1901, the Britannica has maintained British spelling.

Microsoft Encarta

Microsoft Encarta was a digital multimedia  encyclopedia published by Microsoft Corporation  from 1993 to 2009. As of 2008, the complete English version, Encarta Premium, consisted of more than 62,000 articles,  numerous photos and illustrations, music clips, videos, interactive contents, timelines, maps and atlas, and homework tools, and was available on the World Wide Web by yearly subscription or by purchase on DVD or multiple CDs. Many articles could also be viewed online free of charge, a service supported by advertisements.

In March 2009, Microsoft announced it was discontinuing the Encarta disc and online versions. The MSN Encarta site in all countries except Japan was closed on October 31, 2009. Japan's Encarta site was closed on December 31, 2009. Microsoft continued to operate the Encarta online dictionary at dictionary.msn.com until 2011 when they discontinued the dictionary making Encarta discontinued altogether.

Wikipedia

Wikipedia - This one is a cracker and proud to have an account with them.

Wikipedia is a multilingual, web-based, free-content  encyclopedia project based on an openly editable  model. The name "Wikipedia",  wiki (a technology for creating collaborative websites, from the Hawaiian word wiki, meaning "quick") and encyclopedia. Wikipedia's articles provide links to guide the user to related pages with additional information.

Wikipedia is written collaboratively by largely anonymous Internet volunteers who write without pay. Anyone with Internet access can write and make changes to Wikipedia articles, except in certain cases where editing is restricted to prevent disruption or vandalism. Users can contribute anonymously, under a pseudonym, or with their real identity, if they choose.

The fundamental principles by which Wikipedia operates are the Five pillars. The Wikipedia community has developed many policies and guidelines to improve the encyclopedia; however, it is not a formal requirement to be familiar with them before contributing.

Since its creation in 2001, Wikipedia  has grown rapidly into one of the largest reference websites, attracting 400 million unique visitors monthly .  There are more than 82,000 active contributors  working on more than 19,000,000 articles in more than 270 languages.

!!!Source of unlimited Knowledge just under our finger, go grab it.!!!